RESUMO: Esta é a segunda parte do ensaio sobre as circunstâncias que levaram o Banco Mundial a adotar normas e políticas operacionais para a proteção ambiental e dos povos indígenas no final de 1980, tal como foi traçado pela turbulenta história do projeto rodoviário Polonoroeste na Amazônia brasileira. Polonoroeste se tornou a ponta de lança onde as ONGs ambientais fizeram seu primeiro ataque ao banco por participar da destruição, em grande escala, ambiental e dos povos indígenas.

ABSTRACT: This is the second part of the essay on the circumstances that led the World Bank to embrace norms and operational policies for environmental and indigenous people's protection in the late 1980s, as traced through the turbulent history of the Polonoroeste road project in the Brazilian Amazon. Polonoroeste became the spearhead with which environmental NGOs made their first attack on the Bank for participating in large-scale environmental and indigenous peoples' destruction.

RESUMO O projeto de estrada Polonoroeste na Amazônia brasileira, e as normas ambientais e dos povos indígenas do Banco Mundial. Ao final de 1980 o Banco incorporou as normas de sustentabilidade ambiental e proteção dos povos indígenas e foi seguido por outras organizações interestaduais orientadas para o desenvolvimento. Este artigo de duas partes descreve como uma luta sobre o projeto da estrada Polonoroeste na Amazônia brasileira - dentro do banco, entre o Banco e ONGs apoiadas pelo Congresso dos EUA, e entre o Banco e o governo do Brasil -ajudou na mudança de normas políticas de longo alcance. A primeira parte descreve como o projeto foi concebido como uma inovação no desenvolvimento sustentável em florestas tropicais; e como ela provocou um alvoroço dentro do Banco enquanto se movia em direção a aprovação do projeto.

ABSTRACT Before the mid 1980s the World Bank conceived "nature" as something to be "conquered" and "environment" as a source of resources for "development". By the late 1980s the Bank incorporated norms of environmental sustainability and indigenous peoples' protection into its mandate, and other development-oriented IOs followed. This two-part paper describes how a fight over the Polonoroeste road project in the Brazilian Amazon - inside the Bank, between the Bank and NGOs supported by the US Congress, and between the Bank and the government of Brazil -helped to generate the far-reaching change of policy norms. The first part describes how the project was designed as an innovation in sustainable development in rainforests; and how it provoked a firestorm inside the Bank as it moved towards project approval.

This paper shows how rapid privatization and liberalization of Iceland's small local banks around 2000, combined with well-developed crony relations among the elite, enabled a small group of financiers to leverage government-guaranteed deposits into a vast wave of mergers and acquisitions abroad, and redistribute enough of the profits back home to make the economy boom. Negative policy feedback loops were systematically undermined. The incoming left-wing government, with IMF support, has managed to protect the bulk of the population from the worst of the effects.

This paper summarizes the understanding of some of the roles of the state in economic development in capitalist East Asia (South Korea, Taiwan, Japan), first in the post-Second World War decades, then in the last decade or so, and it is related to the consensus that Eastern European countries pretend to set up in their catch up development strategies. The argument is that these countries are focusing on Western European and North American experience of free market, but little attention is pay to the East Asia experience of developmental state, and thus, they are missing the opportunity to learn of how to "govern the market", strategies that were very effective in accelerating the transformation of the economy into higher value-added activities, with a skilled bureaucracy but not very sophisticated one, and very modest industrial policy tools. In contrast to what usually sustain by liberal and free market perspective, it is emphasized that there is a body of theory at hand to support a strategy of governing the market in a developing country context.

Este trabajo resume la comprensión de algunos de los roles del Estado en el desarrollo económico en el Este asiático capitalista (Corea del Sur, Taiwán y Japón), primero en las décadas posteriores a la Segunda Guerra Mundial, y luego alrededor de esta ultima década, y se lo relaciona con el consenso que los países del este europeo pretenden aplicar sobre sus estrategias de desarrollo. El argumento es que estos últimos países están mirando más a las estrategias de Europa occidental y EEUU de libre mercado pero poco reflejan la experiencia del este asiático de un estado desarrollista, y como tal, se pierden de la oportunidad de aprender de dicha experiencia de "gobernar al mercado", que fueron efectivas para acelerar la transformación de sus economías hacia actividades con mayor valor agregado, con una burocracia especializada pero no altamente sofisticada, y con políticas industriales modestas. Al contrario de lo que sostiene la visión mas liberal de libre mercado, se explica aquí que existe un cuerpo teórico que debe ser considerado para apoyar estrategias de "gobernar el mercado" y que pueden ser replicables en el contexto de los países en desarrollo.